49696-B1
49696-B1 ™
49696-B1 ™
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ATCC highly recommends that appropriate personal protective equipment is always used when handling vials. For cultures that require storage in liquid nitrogen, it is important to note that some vials may leak when submersed in liquid nitrogen and will slowly fill with liquid nitrogen. Upon thawing, the conversion of the liquid nitrogen back to its gas phase may result in the vial exploding or blowing off its cap with dangerous force creating flying debris. Unless necessary, ATCC recommends that these cultures be stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen rather than submersed in liquid nitrogen.
2. Use ATCC 49696 Escherichia coli strain HF4714 as host.
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR THE PROPAGATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE
To recover phage from freeze‑dried or thawed LN2 vial:
a. Prepare an actively growing broth culture of the recommended host strain before opening the phage specimen. The host should be 18‑24 hours old.
b. Add approximately 1.0 ml of the recommended broth to a freeze-dried phage vial, 0.5 ml to a liquid cryovial.
c. Pre‑warm plates of the recommended medium in an incubator. Overlay the surface with 2.5 ml of melted 0.5% agar (same medium) which contains one or two drops of the 18‑24 hour host. The soft agar should be maintained 43 to 45oC till ready to pour. It may be advisable to use a water bath. Allow overlay to harden.
d. The re-hydrated phage can be serially diluted by passing 0.1 ml of the phage into a tube containing 0.9 ml of the broth medium. Repeat for as many passages as desired.
f. Many strains may also be titrated without a soft‑agar overlay. Pipette approximately 1.0 ml of the host onto the surface of each plate. After tilting plate to ensure the entire surface is covered, the excess liquid is aspirated off. After the surface dries, the various dilutions of the phage are dropped onto the surface as before.
NOTE: Spotting the phage on plates makes visualizing the lysis easier. If phage is added directly to soft‑agar before pouring plates, hazy or tiny plaques may be difficult to see. Resistant host bacteria may also mask plaque formation.
To propagate phage:
a. Phage may be propagated by preparing plates with the soft‑agar/host overlay as above and covering the surface with approximately 0.5 ml of the concentrated phage. Or, alternatively, you may add the phage directly to the melted agar/host before pouring over the plates. For larger amounts, large-size T‑flasks can be prepared with the recommended agar, and approximately 12.0 ml of melted soft‑agar/host poured over the surface. Phage is then allowed to run over hardened surface. Phage may also be added directly to melted soft‑agar before pouring as described above.
b. After 24 hours incubation, the soft agar is scraped off the surface of the agar plates. Centrifuge at about 1000 rpm for 25 minutes to sediment the cellular debris and agar. Conserve the supernatant.
c. This supernatant is passed through a .22 um Millipore filter and the filtrate stored at 4-8oC. Lysates should remain viable under refrigeration for long periods. They may also be frozen with or without cryoprotectant. If available, liquid nitrogen storage is the best method for long term storage. Most phage can also be freeze‑dried. We use double‑strength skim milk mixed half-and-half with the filtrate.
NOTE: Broth propagation methods may also be employed with most phage. Unless otherwise noted, ATCC uses the Adams agar‑overlay method as described in M. H. Adams' Bacteriophages (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1959) for routine phage production.
Additional information on this culture is available on the ATCC web site at www.atcc.org.
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. . J. Virol. 7: 549-558, 1971.
Segal DJ, Dowell CE. Cold-sensitive mutants of bacteriophage phi x174. II. Comparison of two cold-sensitive mutants. J. Virol. 14: 1115-1125, 1974. PubMed: 4610177